Nurse Educators and Practitioners Journal
The Nurse Educators and Practitioners Journal (NEPJ) is a triannual peer-reviewed publication of the Nurse Educators and Practitioners Guild, Inc. (NEPraGuild, Inc.), based in Baguio City, Philippines. The journal is dedicated to bridging the gap between nursing education and clinical practice by disseminating quality, evidence-based research and scholarly works. NEPJ publishes original studies, reviews, and practice-oriented articles that advance nursing education, enhance clinical practice, and contribute to the development of the nursing profession across diverse healthcare and academic settings.
Nurse Educators and Practitioners Guild, Inc.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This license permits anyone to copy and redistribute this material in any form or format, modify, and make derivative works of this material for any purpose, including commercial purposes, as long as they credit the author for the original work.
Bridging Care, Context, and Change: Emerging Directions in Nursing Science
Copyright (c) 2026 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adolescent Suicide: Degree of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Level of Risk
Introduction: Suicide prevention hinges on mental health literacy, yet empirical research examining the intersection of knowledge, attitudes, and suicide risk in the Philippine context remains scarce. There is a lack of evidence-based data on how these variables correlate in the adolescent population of Baguio City. Aim: This study investigated the levels of knowledge (K), attitudes (A), and suicide risk (SR) among adolescents in Baguio City and examined differences based on sex, family structure, and socioeconomic status. Methods: A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed among 389 adolescents (ages 18–21). Due to COVID-19 restrictions, snowball sampling was utilized for online data collection between March and October 2021. Participants were screened to exclude those with active psychiatric disorders or those undergoing psychotherapy. Data were collected via Google Forms and analyzed to determine relationships among K, A, and SR. Results: Participants demonstrated a “fair” level of knowledge (X̅ = 11.39) but a poor understanding of high-risk warning signs (32.65%). Notably, 48% were classified as high-risk for suicide, with 26% reporting suicidal thoughts. A weak but significant relationship was found between attitudes and suicide risk (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, sex, family structure, and socioeconomic status were found to significantly influence both knowledge and risk levels. Conclusion: The high prevalence of suicide risk despite fair theoretical knowledge underscores the need for targeted educational initiatives. These findings suggest that holistic prevention strategies must address specific gender disparities and family dynamics to effectively support at-risk adolescents.
adolecent suicide, knowledge, attitudes, suicide risk
Copyright (c) 2026 Zwiesel Gaile L. Cantuba, MSN, RN, Rufina C. Abul, PhD, RN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Lived Experience of Carers of Children with Cerebral Palsy
Introduction: Social media plays a vital role in student nurses’ academic and personal lives, influencing communication, learning, and professional identity. As future healthcare professionals, they must demonstrate ethical sensitivity in both clinical and online settings. Aim: This study aimed to assess student nurses’ attitudes toward social media, their ethical sensitivity, and the relationship between the two variables. Methods: A descriptive-correlational design was used with 384 student nurses from three universities in Baguio City. Data collection was approved by the SLU Research Ethics Committee and coordinated with institutional offices. The Responsible Use of Social Media Attitude Scale (RUSMAS) and Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire (ESQ) were utilized. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Respondents showed positive attitudes toward social media (x̄ = 55.97) and high ethical sensitivity (x̄ = 127.48). A weak but statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.2851) was found, indicating that student nurses with more responsible social media behavior tended to exhibit higher ethical sensitivity. Conclusion: Student nurses demonstrate both high ethical sensitivity and positive attitudes toward responsible social media use. However, a positive attitude alone may not strongly determine ethical sensitivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leonard Mart P. Victoria, Genesis Ahda L. Ventura, Jessica F. Valenzuela, Ash F. Sobrevilla, Gabriela A. Galang, Irish Dawn D. Espiritu, Lovely Joy A. Dulay, Karyl Mae T. Chancoco, Thea Angeline B. Bargas, Mark Xavier P. Viduya, Mary H. Montemayor, PhD, RN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Differences in Nursing Workplace Quality Between Rural and Urban Hospitals: A Quantitative Analysis
Introduction: The quality of nursing workplaces differs across rural and urban settings, influencing both staff performance and patient care. This study quantitatively examined workplace quality in one rural and one urban hospital, focusing on workload, available resources, and nurses’ experiences, with the goal of identifying location-specific strategies to improve working conditions Aim: This study aims to analyze the quality of nursing workplaces in rural and urban hospitals, with a particular focus on identifying key similarities and differences in workplace conditions. Methods: A quantitative descriptive design was employed, and data were collected using a modified Nursing Workplace Quality Survey administered through physical and online forms. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze five workplace dimensions: Workplace Environment, Personnel Relationships, Physical Working Conditions, Job Perception, and Support Programs and Services. Results: Findings revealed strong interpersonal relationships in both hospital settings, but notable gaps remained: Physical Working Conditions scored lowest in the rural hospital, while Support Programs and Services were least adequate in the urban hospital. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of strengthening infrastructure in rural areas and expanding support systems in urban settings to promote nurse motivation, job satisfaction, and overall performance. The study recommends strategic initiatives such as improved staffing, facility upgrades, mentorship, wellness programs, and burnout prevention. This may be done by conducting a one-day seminar to the concerned offices to relay the results of the study. Future research should expand to larger samples and utilize more robust measurement tools for greater generalizability and reliability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sofia Lynn R. Rebancos, Ronald John D. Abner, Erika G. Bernejo, Benjamin Jose V. Garcia, Joepet Carreras, France A. Turiano-Caayao, PhD, RN, RM (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Relationship Between Social Media Attitudes and Ethical Sensitivity of Student Nurses
Introduction: Social media plays a vital role in student nurses’ academic and personal lives, influencing communication, learning, and professional identity. As future healthcare professionals, they must demonstrate ethical sensitivity in both clinical and online settings. Aim: This study aimed to assess student nurses’ attitudes toward social media, their ethical sensitivity, and the relationship between the two variables. Methods: A descriptive-correlational design was used with 384 student nurses from three universities in Baguio City. Data collection was approved by the SLU Research Ethics Committee and coordinated with institutional offices. The Responsible Use of Social Media Attitude Scale (RUSMAS) and Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire (ESQ) were utilized. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Respondents showed positive attitudes toward social media (x̄ = 55.97) and high ethical sensitivity (x̄=127.48). A weak but statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.2851) was found, indicating that student nurses with more responsible social media behavior tended to exhibit higher ethical sensitivity. Conclusion: Student nurses demonstrate both high ethical sensitivity and positive attitudes toward responsible social media use. However, a positive attitude alone may not strongly determine ethical sensitivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Franchesca L. Agballog, Mary Christine C. Bisquera, Carl Fiona T. Campos, Adriane Allen L. Chico, Paolo M. Colorado, Shane Deinielle G. Medina, Kristine Gale A. Rulloda, Alessandra C. Santiago, Chloe Mae M. Supremido, Maxene P. Torio, Rachelle Gay R. Pacial, MSN, RN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sociodemographic Characteristics, Parenting Styles, and Feeding Practices of Primary Caregivers of Malnourished Children
Introduction: Malnutrition, encompassing both undernutrition and overnutrition, remains a significant public health concern for children aged two to five. Urban malnutrition persists despite current interventions, underscoring the need to investigate underexplored factors, such as caregiving and nutritional dynamics. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the multifaceted interplay of parenting styles, feeding practices, and sociodemographic characteristics among primary caregivers of malnourished children. Methods: This quantitative descriptive study collected data from 220 primary caregivers of malnourished children aged 2-5 years in Baguio City using adopted questionnaires: the Parenting Style Four Factor Questionnaire (PS-FFQ, α = 0.92) and the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ-28, RMSEA < 0.08, CFI > 0.90, TLI > 0.90, α > 0.70). Sociodemographic data and BMI-for-age z-scores for nutritional status were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The study revealed that moderate acute malnutrition was the most prevalent type among children in Baguio City (72.7%). Most primary caregivers demonstrated an authoritative parenting style (77.7%), with persuasive feeding identified as the most common feeding practice (31.4%). Parenting style showed a statistically significant difference in the nutritional status of children (p = 0.05), whereas feeding practice did not yield a significant difference (p = 0.327). Among the sociodemographic factors, caregiver age (p = 0.019), highest educational attainment (p = 0.008), type of working arrangement (p = 0.019), and family structure (p = 0.025) showed statistically significant differences. Conversely, the primary caregiver’s role (p = 0.608) and household size (p = 0.802) did not yield statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Findings highlight the dynamic nature of child malnutrition in Baguio City, emphasizing the role of broader household dynamics and caregiver behaviors in shaping nutritional outcomes. Health sectors and policymakers should consider these concepts to drive the development of nutrition programs and policies that reflect caregivers’ unique realities, fostering supportive environments for children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rendel Icee V. Ramos, Samantha Julianne S. Soriano, Ela B. Kiswa, Jernin Rose O. Aquino, Eleign Bel C. De Guzman, Chrisha Jayne G. Kiblasen, Valkyrie Ben Andrei B. Pangulayan, Kurt Dion D. Payoen, Karyl Aiden E. Pocais, Angelica V. Repollo, Carissa B. Sapanta, Mary Rose D. Valenzuela, MN, RN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Approach to Studying Nurses’ Duty and Fear in Armed Conflict
Introduction: Nurses in conflict zones face an impossible tension — they are expected to keep delivering care even as their own lives are at risk. Most existing research has documented outcomes like PTSD, but far less attention has been paid to how studies on nurses’ lived experiences of duty and fear are actually designed and conducted. Aim: This article justifies Heidegger’s hermeneutic, interpretive, phenomenological use as the philosophical underpinning and the methodology while van Manen’s approach as both the methodology and methods used to guide in exploring how nurses experience duty and fear while working during armed conflict. Methods: The study was grounded in Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology and operationalized through van Manen’s phenomenology of practice. In-depth, face-to-face interviews were conducted with seven nurses who had provided hospital-based care across two armed conflicts. Data were analyzed using phenomenological thematic analysis, progressing from thematic structures to thematic categories, which were then reflected through van Manen’s five lifeworld existentials. Heidegger provided the interpretive foundation for meaning-making, while van Manen structured the methodological processes of inquiry. Results: The analytic process generated 75 thematic structures that were consolidated into 19 thematic categories and subsequently organized across van Manen’s five lifeworld existentials. These lifeworld-reflected categories yielded three general essences that capture how nurses navigated professional duty alongside fear, ethical tension, and the constant threat to their own existence. The findings demonstrate how hermeneutic phenomenology can produce structured yet existentially grounded interpretations of complex clinical experiences. Conclusion: Grounded in Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology and operationalized through van Manen’s approach, this study demonstrates a coherent integration of philosophical interpretation and methodological execution. The approach offers a rigorous, transparent, and practice-oriented framework for examining deeply subjective nursing experiences in high-risk contexts, applied as a flexible and reflective guide rather than a rigid procedural sequence. By making the analytic process explicit, this article provides qualitative researchers with a replicable methodological blueprint that strengthens the credibility, interpretive depth, and applicability of phenomenological findings in nursing research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Athina Karla C. Chia, RN, MAN, LPT, PhD (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Patient Safety Incidents of Student Nurses in Clinical Placement: A Convergent Parallel Study
Introduction: Upholding patient safety remains a significant challenge for student nurses during clinical placements. Patient safety incidents (PSIs) result from lapses in safe care, causing actual or potential harm. While explored in literature, there is a gap in examining PSIs from a multifactorial, local perspective, especially regarding their emotional and psychological effects and impact on student nurses’ professional growth and reporting behaviors. Aim: It aimed to comprehensively understand the nature and contributing factors of PSIs, reporting behaviors, and the lived experiences of student nurses through a mixed-method approach. Methods: A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed among Levels II, III, and IV student nurses who committed PSIs in five nursing schools in Baguio City. Using purposive sampling, 386 respondents were surveyed in the quantitative phase using self-made tool, while 13 participated in semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency and percentage, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. Triangulation followed Onwuegbuzie and Teddlie’s (2003) process. Results: Most PSIs were near misses involving medication errors. Contributing factors included personal, interpersonal, and social challenges. Honesty drives reporting but is hindered by fear and punitive culture. Emotional distress affects well-being yet support fostered resilience. PSIs helped develop accountability and clinical maturity. Five themes emerged: multifactorial nature of PSIs, emotional distress affecting performance and well-being, accountability and clinical maturity, interpersonal relationships as buffers, and reporting challenges. Conclusion: PSIs are multifaceted, shaped by personal, interpersonal, and social factors. While ethical drive and emotions encourage reporting, fear and punitive environments hinder it. Improving patient safety requires technical training and emotional resilience, supported by clinical companionship and institutional reforms that promote a culture of learning. Ultimately, PSIs reflect broader realities of the clinical training environment, its emotional and psychological effects on student nurses, and its influence on clinical maturity and holistic development of future professionals.
Copyright (c) 2026 John Carlo C. Baltazar, Jermaine Olive Q. Jimenez, Kris T. Guyong, Easter Pearl S. Ablog, Ethan B. Balasuit, Alexa Shein B. Bilog, Danica A. Calantoc, Zhybelle Jencen E. Guzman, Sarah Alexandria R. Tinaza, Aliyah Faye D. Villanueva, Jefferson S. Galanza, MSN, MPH, RN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Social Determinants of Health: A Concept Analysis
Introduction: Social determinants of health are social and economic factors, often beyond a person’s control, that directly impact the capacity of individuals and communities to achieve positive health outcomes. These determinants are central to the provision of healthcare that is equitable and non-biased. Aim: This article aims to examine and provide context for the concept of social determinants of health and to demonstrate the interconnectedness and breadth of the concept for nursing education. Methods: Walker and Avant’s eight-step approach to concept analysis was utilized. Literature was retrieved from PubMed and CINAHL databases using keywords: social determinants of health, health equity, health disparity, and racial bias. Websites and reference lists used were from the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, American Medical Association and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Results: Social determinants of health as a concept, contributes to the delivery of healthcare, and supports public health policy, community engagement, advocacy for health equity, incorporation of social services, nursing and medical education, and epidemiology. Defining attributes include social factors, influence on health inequities, and potential impact at levels ranging from personal to societal. Factors such as slavery, segregation, economic recession, and cultural norms are antecedents. Conclusion: This article clarifies social determinants of health as a concept and provides case examples that demonstrate how the components interconnect to create a complex web of barriers to health. This concept is central to nursing education and the implementation of interventions that improve health equity and outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jennifer Fitzpatrick, MSN, RN, RNC-OB, Dawn M. Aycock, PhD, RN, ANP-BC, FAHA, FPCNA, FAAN, Paula Gordon, PhD, RN, Regena Spratling, PhD, RN, APRN, CPNP-PC, FAANP, FAAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
High-Fidelity Simulation in Nursing Education: A Narrative Review of Students’ Learning Outcomes
Introduction: High-Fidelity Simulation (HFS) is a key pedagogical approach in nursing education, offering immersive and realistic clinical scenarios that help bridge the gap between theory and practice. Despite a growing body of research, evidence on nursing students’ learning outcomes with HFS remains fragmented across diverse study designs, educational contexts, and theoretical perspectives. Many studies emphasize isolated outcomes, such as knowledge acquisition or self-confidence, limiting integrative understanding across learning domains and constraining quantitative synthesis. Aim: This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on nursing students’ learning outcomes with HFS, identifying recurring themes, perceptions, and educational outcomes across cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning domains. Methods: A narrative review was conducted of 23 peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2024. Literature was retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect using the keywords “high fidelity,” “high-fidelity,” “nursing,” “teaching,” and “simulation.” Included studies employed qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods designs and involved nursing students. Studies focusing exclusively on educators, no available full-text, review articles, or non-English publications were excluded. Results: The findings demonstrate that nursing students’ learning outcomes with HFS are multidimensional and consistently positive across varied educational and cultural contexts in three interrelated domains: (1) congnitive, (2) affective, and (3) psychomotor learning. Structured debriefing, experiential learning cycles, and effective faculty facilitation emerged as critical factors in optimizing learning outcomes. HFS consistently supported students’ development of knowledge, clinical reasoning, emotional readiness, and practical competence, reinforcing its value as a comprehensive pedagogical strategy in undergraduate nursing education. Conclusion: HFS is a transformative educational strategy that integrates cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning that leads to enhancements of students’ competencies, confidence, and readiness for professional practice. Its curricular integration is a strategic educational approach that sets quality and standards, aligning to the complex demands of the contemporary nursing education with the aim to maximize positive impact to patient safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marie Kamille A. Alcala, MAN, RN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Healthcare Beyond Earth: A Literature Analysis on “Aerospace Nursing”
“Aerospace Nursing” is an emerging interdisciplinary field focused on addressing healthcare challenges in air and space travel, extreme remote environments, and analog missions. This analysis of 45 studies from 1975 to 2024 covers four research objectives: (1) identifying clinical and operational challenges, (2) evaluating required skills and training, (3) assessing nurses’ roles in crew well-being and safety, and (4) informing educational frameworks. A conceptual framework based on the nursing metaparadigm (“Person,” “Environment,” “Health,” and “Nursing”) with moderators (“Education,” “Training,” and “Research”) guide the analysis. Findings demonstrate physiological, psychological, and ethical issues, establish the need for trauma care and telehealth competencies, and recognize nurses’ critical contribution to mission safety. Gaps related to standardized curricula and the feasibility of adapting Earth-based nursing to space settings are identified. The analysis provides implications for practice, education, and policy, supporting the development of “Aerospace Nursing” programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Values-Driven Adaptive Leadership among Millennial Filipino Nursing Deans: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study
Introduction: Millennial deans (born 1981–1996) are increasingly visible in Philippine nursing education and are helping steer programs through accreditation, curriculum reforms, and workforce well-being concerns. Operating within culturally hierarchical institutions, these leaders describe anchoring decisions in values while adopting participatory and context-attuned approaches to change. Despite their growing presence, little is known about how these deans form and negotiate leadership identity as they assume the role, enact adaptive strategies in governance and day-to-day decision-making across diverse stakeholders, and cope with institutional and intergenerational pressures to sustain effective leadership. Aim: This study aimed to describe the essence of the lived experience of Filipino millennial nursing deans, focusing on leadership identity formation, adaptive leadership strategies in governance and decision-making, and coping mechanisms for institutional and generational challenges. Methods: Guided by Husserlian descriptive phenomenology, ten purposively selected millennial nursing deans from CHED-accredited Philippine institutions participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method, ensuring credibility through member checking, peer debriefing, and strict adherence to ethical standards. Results: Analysis revealed six major themes: (1) Thrust into Deanship Without Support, (2) Proving Legitimacy and Bridging Generational Differences, (3) Shared Governance, (4) Work-Life Balance, (5) Managing Vulnerabilities through Grit, and (6) Values-Driven and Adaptive Leadership. Intergenerational conflicts, emotional labor, sudden appointments, and a lack of mentorship were all mentioned by the participants. In spite of these obstacles, they showed tenacity and promoted inclusive, introspective, and wellness-focused leadership styles. These findings reveal that personal values and contextual adaptation are dynamically integrated into their leadership practices, reflecting key aspects of what can be called an adaptive-values approach. Conclusion: Filipino millennial nursing deans navigate institutional and generational challenges by combining adaptive strategies firmly anchored in individual and group values, advancing culturally responsive academic governance practices. This study's insights offer crucial direction for creating leadership frameworks, mentorship programs, and organized succession planning that are suited to the particular generational and contextual requirements of nursing education.
Research Competency of Professional Nurses
Background: Nurses face increasing demands for high-quality care, driven by local and global health advancements. This necessitates research and the adoption of evidence-based practices to enhance both nursing care and the profession itself. The literature reports the lack of understanding and accessibility of research related to the research capability of nurses. Collaborative nursing research across academic and practice settings is imperative to generate knowledge to improve patient care; however, models of academic/practice partnerships for nursing research are lacking. Aim: This study determined the research competency of professional nurses to serve as a basis for the development of research-based activities. Methods: Utilizing a quantitative descriptive survey design, with the use of a questionnaire and structured small group interview (4 small groups with 3-4 members per small group), data were gathered from 81 nurses employed at hospital X, which is a 250–bed capacity tertiary hospital. The self-made structured questionnaire is valid with a CVI=0.956. Frequency, percentage, mean, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to treat the data statistically. Findings: Majority of the respondents belong to the younger population (87.66%) belonging to less than 2-5 years of service in the institution. Respondents are advanced nurse researchers (mean=1.95) and have been serving as respondents in research (50.00). The respondents had the highest mean =2.02 in problem identification and the lowest in research utilization with a mean=1.90. The research competency of nurses is significantly associated with educational attainment, with a p-value of 0.011. Position (p value=0.387), length of service (0.210), area of assignment (p value=0.449), and research involvement (p value=0.169) are not significantly associated with their research competency. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, the researchers conclude that nurses who are employed at Hospital X possess the knowledge; however, they lack the practical experience in research. The variable of educational attainment is an important factor in achieving research competency. There are personal, organizational, and professional facilitators and barriers to the research competency of the nurses. A research capability enhancement program for the nurses can be developed. The researchers recommend: enhancing the research competency of the nurses through a research capability-building program developed for them; strengthening the institutional support for ongoing research training, especially for the nurses who are pursuing their postgraduate education or continuing professional development in the research process; recognizing and rewarding research engagement and output among nursing staff to sustain high-level performance; the promotion of mentoring systems where expert and proficient nurses can guide those still developing their research competencies, and the conduct of future studies involving multiple institutions to broaden generalizability and include more inferential analysis.
Adherence to Medication Regimen and Awareness of the Local Government Support Program Among Employees Diagnosed with Hypertension in a Selected Company
Introduction: This study assessed the medication adherence and awareness of Local Government Unit (LGU) support programs among employees diagnosed with hypertension in a selected company. It examined the relationship between awareness and adherence and identified key factors influencing these behaviors to inform workplace and public health strategies. Method: A descriptive-correlational design was used involving 103 purposively selected employees. Validated tools were utilized, including the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-5), a researcher-made LGU Awareness Scale, the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Data were gathered between April and May 2025 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Spearman’s Rho, and multiple regression. Results: The medication adherence was moderately high (M = 3.01), especially in following scheduled doses, but declined when symptoms improved or side effects occurred. Awareness of government health programs was also moderately high (M = 2.68), yet formal communication and actual usage were low. Behavioral factors (β = 0.328, p = 0.002), workplace conditions (β = 0.305, p = 0.004), and financial accessibility (β = 0.320, p = 0.007) significantly influenced adherence. Demographic factors such as age, sex, tenure, and education were not significantly associated. Awareness was moderately correlated with adherence (ρ = 0.561, p < 0.001), but behavioral factors and support systems did not significantly moderate this relationship. Conclusions: While most employees with hypertension follow their medication regimen, barriers such as behavioral hesitations, workplace stress, and financial limitations reduce full adherence. This supports theoretical perspectives such as the Health Belief Model, emphasizing perceived barriers and cues to action. Findings underscore the importance of improving LGU program communication, strengthening workplace support, and addressing behavior-related barriers to enhance long-term hypertension management among working adults. From a policy perspective, workplace-based health promotion programs integrated with LGU services, such as orientation days and digital kiosks for medicine access, can support adherence.
The Relationship Between Family Functioning and Compassion Levels of BSN Students
Introduction: Compassion is an essential quality in Nursing, enhancing patient care, emotional well-being, and nurse-patient relationships. With increasing academic and clinical demands, it is important to understand what influences compassion among student nurses. Family functioning, which includes emotional support, communication, and adaptability, may play a role, although limited studies have examined its direct impact. Objectives: This study examined the relationship between family functioning and compassion levels among Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) students. It sought to determine the family functioning and compassion levels, assess their differences across sex, year level, and type of educational institution, and evaluate their correlation. Methods: A quantitative descriptive-correlational cross-sectional design was utilized. Using stratified random sampling, 584 student nurses from two universities in Benguet were selected. Data were gathered from February to March 2025 using two standardized tools: the Family APGAR and the Compassion Scale. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, T-tests, one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD, and Pearson’s Correlation. Results: Most students reported a high level of family functioning (Mean APGAR = 7.44). Significant differences were observed across year levels and educational institutions, but not by sex. Compassion levels were similarly high, with females demonstrating significantly higher scores. A weak yet significant positive correlation between family functioning and compassion levels was established, suggesting that stronger family support may enhance compassionate behaviors. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the influence of family functioning on the development of compassion in student nurses, highlighting the importance of supportive family environments in fostering emotional and professional growth. Future studies should consider longitudinal and mixed-method designs, broaden participant diversity, and examine additional factors such as mental health, socioeconomic status, caregiving experiences, and academic stress.
Exploring the Academic Journey of International Students in the Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program
Introduction: International student nurses who study abroad face various challenges. Existing studies regarding these are limited in scope. This study aims to explore the academic journey of international students, which is the totality of their experiences inside and outside their respective institutions. Objectives: To explore the academic journey of international students enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program in the Philippines and provide a holistic understanding of their journey. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological qualitative design was used, recruiting participants meeting the criteria: (1) students raised in a foreign country, (2) current citizens of a foreign country or with dual citizenship, (3) in the Philippines solely for education, (4) enrolled in a BSN program in the Philippines, and (5) with at least six months of residency in the Philippines. Eight informants were included, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using Colaizzi’s Phenomenological Data Analysis method. Rigor measures were utilized throughout the study process. Results: The study revealed four themes from the responses of the informants: (1) Flight of Discovery encapsulates their overall experiences in the Philippines. (2) Flight to Excellence delves into their diverse experiences in educational and clinical settings. (3) Flight into Socio-cultural Diversity focuses on their immersion into the Filipino community. Lastly, (4) Flight of Adaptation covers their self-help strategies as they traverse into a new environment. Conclusion: International student nurses in the Philippines encounter various experiences and challenges in their academic journey. Their experiences have led them to discover a variety of factors inside and outside their respective institutions that either enable or hinder them from adjusting to the new environment. These experiences require flexibility and adaptability to the educational processes and socio-cultural diversities
Factors Associated with Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Practices among Primary Healthcare Nurses in Saudi Arabia
Introduction: Adequate training in infection prevention has been associated with improved knowledge and better practice adherence among nurses. This study aims to assess the factors associated with infection prevention and control (IPC) practices among primary healthcare nurses, providing a much-needed focus on this critical group within the healthcare system. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed IPC practices among primary healthcare nurses in Aljouf City, Saudi Arabia, from March-April 2023, using a WHO-adapted questionnaire. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics and multiple regression. This study was conducted with the approval of the University of Hail Institutional Review Board (H-2022-032). Results: Primary healthcare nurses demonstrated an “Advanced” overall level of IP practices (283/335), but the “Infection Control Programme” was at an “Intermediate” level (29.99).Tests of differences revealed no significant variations in IPC scores by age, gender, or nationality. However, significant differences were found by educational attainment (master's vs. baccalaureate, p=0.020), years of service (5-10 years vs. others, p=0.034), and IPC training (trained vs. untrained, p=0.028), with higher scores observed in nurses with master's degrees, 5-10 years of service, and IPC training. Multiple regression analysis confirmed these findings, indicating that educational attainment, years of service, and IPC training were significant predictors of IPC practice scores. Conclusion: This study highlights that primary healthcare nurses demonstrate advanced IPC practices, but the “Infection Control Programme” lags behind. Education, years of service, and training are key predictors of IPC proficiency, suggesting that interventions aimed at enhancing these areas will effectively improve IPC outcomes. These findings emphasize the need for continuous professional development and strategic program enhancements to ensure optimal infection prevention and control.
Resiliency of Community Health Nurses in Zamboanga City: Basis For Enhancement Program
Introduction: Community Health Nurses (CHNs) are crucial to primary healthcare but face resource shortages, heavy workloads, and health risks that may lead to burnout and attrition. Limited research explores factors affecting their resilience, particularly during health crises in Zamboanga City. Aim: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of resilience among CHNs working in Zamboanga City. Methods: This qualitative study used a phenomenological approach to explore the lived experiences of resilience among ten CHNs in Zamboanga City, this approach provides an in-depth description on the challenges and resiliency of CHNs. Respondents were purposively selected from three health centers with at least one year of experience. Data were gathered via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis, guided by Van Breda’s Resiliency Model and Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model. Results: The study revealed that CHNs face multiple challenges—ranging from non-compliant patients and cultural barriers to resource shortages and emotional strain—especially during emergencies. In coping, they employed strategies aligned with Roy’s four adaptive modes, reflecting their capacity for self-care, professionalism, problem-solving, and reliance on social support. Conclusion: CHNs in Zamboanga city are resilient, effectively using coping strategies despite numerous workplace challenges. To enhance their resilience and to strengthen the healthcare programs, administrations, policies and healthcare services, adequate resources, continuing training, and institutional support must be provided among CHNs.
Structured Exercise among Pregnant Women during the Third Trimester
Introduction: Maternal mortality remains a significant concern in the Philippines, with a high maternal mortality ratio, emphasizing the need for effective interventions. This study investigated the level of awareness and extent of practice of structured exercises among pregnant women in Baguio City, Philippines. Methods: A descriptive correlational design was employed to investigate the level of awareness and extent of practice of structured exercises among 105 pregnant women in Baguio City. A convenience sampling was utilized to identify factors influencing exercise adoption and inform the development of culturally appropriate interventions aimed at improving maternal health outcomes. A validated questionnaire was used through “yes/no” responses and categorical scale with three response options, in determining the awareness and practice of various exercises. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and simple linear correlation. Results: Findings revealed an overall moderate level of awareness (Mean Percentage Score = 49.31%) and practice (Mean Percentage Score = 1.99%) of structured exercise. Significant positive correlations were found between awareness and practice for several exercises, particularly those involving ankle and toe exercises, reflecting a direct translation of awareness into action. Educational attainment and the history of previous pregnancies positively influenced both awareness and practice, suggesting that prior experience and higher educational levels are associated with greater understanding of exercise benefits and increased self-efficacy. Conversely, engagement in exercises, such as abdominal and pelvic exercises, remained low, indicating an important area for intervention. This discrepancy accentuates the potential influence of perceived barriers, such as fear of complications and lack of access to resources, which outweigh perceived benefits. Conclusion: Further research is needed to assess the applicability of these findings across various populations and settings, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of culturally tailored interventions aimed at overcoming the identified barriers. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to broader strategies for reducing maternal mortality in the Philippines by promoting safe and effective exercise during pregnancy.
Prevalence of Bullying and Workplace Violence Against Nurses in Adult Health Units: Its Impact on the Mental Health and Job Productivity of Nurses
Introduction: This study seeks to investigate incidence rates of bullying as well as violence within designated adult health units while investigating correlated changes in mental health sequelae alongside productivity parameters. Methods: This study employed a descriptive-correlational approach among 121 nurses practicing in adult health units located in Cabuyao, Laguna, Philippines. Respondents were recruited through a convenience sampling method. Data collection was conducted utilizing three validated instruments: a 6-item adapted WHO/ILO/ICN/PSI questionnaire on workplace aggression, a 7-item adapted DASS-21 for mental health evaluation, and the NWFQ regarding productivity at work. The analysis involved computation of descriptive data, Chi-square tests, Spearman Rho correlation, and regression analysis on Jamovi Software for multivariable assessments between examined factors. Data collection was carried out over a six-week period from March to April 2025. Results: Despite a “Very Low” reported prevalence of workplace aggression (overall mean occurrence = 1.46, severity = 1.42), it had a statistically significant negative impact (p = 0.017) on nurses' mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress). Patients were the primary source of aggression (mean occurrence = 1.99), highlighting a critical issue. While overall mental distress is “Normal,” a “Low” score for “thinking about quitting because of stress/bullying” suggests underlying dissatisfaction. Crucially, workplace bullying and violence had a statistically significant negative effect on nurses' job productivity (β = -0.279, p = 0.032), and specifically, stress is significantly associated with lower job productivity (p = 0.009). Conclusion: Nurses reported “Very Low” levels of workplace aggression, particularly verbal abuse with patients as the primary perpetrators; even this minimal exposure significantly impacted their mental health (depression, anxiety, stress). Despite generally “Normal” mental distress, nurses frequently considered quitting due to workplace issues. Critically, overall “High” job productivity was negatively affected by workplace bullying and violence, with stress specifically linked to reduced productivity, suggesting an immediate detrimental influence on performance.
Environmental Literacy and Awareness about Global Climate Change among Nursing Student Towards Sustainable Development
Introduction: The incidence of diseases has increased due to climate change and nurses play a vital role in addressing these health challenges. However, there is inadequate incorporation of environmental literacy and global climate change in nursing programs, which leads nursing graduates to be unprepared in handling environmental issues. Aim: This study aimed to determine the degree of environmental literacy of nursing students toward sustainable development, assess their level of awareness of global climate change, and examine the significant relationship between environmental literacy and global climate change awareness among nursing students. Methods: A descriptive-correlational research design was employed. The study was conducted from March to April 2025 in five universities in Baguio City and involved 358 nursing students. Respondents were selected using simple random sampling through the fishbowl method from each stratum. Data were collected using two standardized instruments: Environmental Literacy Scale for Adults and the Awareness Scale of University Students About Global Climate Change. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that nursing students have a high level of environmental literacy of all three domains with a mean of 4.16. Nursing students have a moderate level of awareness about global climate change with a mean of 3.26. The results showed a weak positive correlation between environmental literacy and awareness about global climate change among nursing students with a Pearson Correlation of 0.372. Conclusion: Nursing students show proficient knowledge on environmental issues, but demonstrate adequate awareness on global climate change. Enhancing environmental and climate change education may strengthen nursing students’ capacity to support climate action and sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Federico M. Tena III, Marianne Angela A. Cortez, Jenifer Jan N. Zamoranos, Rhaiza Jane P. Saley, Mary Joy Faith W. Saguipel, Alyssa Marie S. Cruz, Zharylle A. Estigoy, Yoela Grace P. Baltazar, Joanna Angel Marie M. Ballesteros, Haleiza Zyreen V. Garcia, Teresa N. Basatan, PhD, RN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
End-of-Life Health Literacy and Advance Care Planning Engagement among Older Adults in Baguio City, Philippines
Introduction: As the Philippines’ population ages, deeply ingrained cultural taboos about mortality hinder critical discussions. Evaluating End-of-Life (EoL) health literacy and Advance Care Planning (ACP) engagement is essential to facilitate informed, values-aligned decision-making. Aim: This study evaluated EoL health literacy and ACP engagement among older adults in Baguio City and examined their correlation. Methods: his study employed a quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional design involving 260 cognitively intact and literate older adults, recruited via multistage random sampling from 20 barangays in Baguio City. Data were gathered using two validated instruments: the Subjective End-of-Life Health Literacy Scale (S-EOL-HLS), which demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = 0.93), and the Advance Care Planning Questionnaire, which showed strong content validity (S-CVI = 0.96) and reliability (KR20 = 0.82). Descriptive statistics (means) summarized the data, while Spearman’s rank correlation was applied to determine the relationship between variables. The protocol received formal ethical clearance from the Saint Louis University Research Ethics Committee (SLU-REC 2024-290). Results: Older adults in Baguio City exhibited moderate levels of both EoL health literacy (x̄ = 8.77) and ACP engagement (x̄ = 17.10). Sub-domain analysis revealed moderate literacy across the functional (x̄ = 2.09), interactive (x̄ = 3.73), and critical (x̄ = 2.95) domains. Furthermore, there was adequate engagement in health-related ACP (x̄ = 6.81), whereas engagement in relationship (x̄ = 4.12), legal/financial (x̄ = 3.15), and funerary (x̄ = 3.02) domains was moderate. A weak but significant positive correlation was identified between overall EoL health literacy and ACP engagement (r = 0.229, p = 0.0001). Conclusion: Although older adults in Baguio City demonstrate moderate EoL health literacy, this knowledge does not robustly translate into active ACP engagement, especially within legal, financial, and funerary domains. These findings underscore that health literacy is a necessary but insufficient prerequisite for action; instead, EoL preparation is a complex behavioral outcome dictated by the intersection of cultural taboos, familial collectivism, and systemic healthcare barriers. To bridge this gap, culturally sensitive, multifaceted strategies are urgently needed to enhance both EoL health literacy and ACP engagement among older Filipinos.
Copyright (c) 2026 Darl Franz Razec C. Respicio, RG Devon P. Rapusas, Kyla Jen F. Purugganan, Louisse Frances D. Nicer, Diana Rose I. Nama, Kristen Ellie M. Madriaga, Julia Mae B. Del Rosario, Angela Mae A. Bajit, Johanna Marie M. Bagayao, Michelle Ann P. Soriano, Raymund F. Mamayson, PhD, RN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Bedside to BPO: Quality of Life and Coping Orientation of Nurses
Introduction: The persistent global shortage of nurses and the escalating rates of professional turnover have intensified the need to explore alternative career pathways within the nursing profession. These challenges provide the rationale for examining the well-being of nurses who transition from direct patient care to administrative roles, particularly within healthcare-related Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) facilities. Aim: The study’s central purpose was to evaluate the Quality of Life (QoL) and coping orientation of registered nurses who had transitioned from bedside to healthcare BPO jobs within the Philippine setting. Methods: This study used a descriptive-correlational design to examine the relationship between quality of life (QoL) and coping strategies among 138 registered nurses in Metro Manila who transitioned to healthcare BPO roles, aged 25–45, with at least three years bedside experience. Data were collected via convenience sampling through an online survey using adapted WHOQOL-BREF and Brief-COPE instruments. Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rho were used for analysis. Results: Findings revealed a significant positive correlation between quality of life and coping orientation (r = .681, p < .001), suggesting that nurses who transitioned to healthcare BPO roles generally experienced favorable well-being and effective coping. Environmental Health yielded the highest quality-of-life scores (M = 87.18, SD = 10.97), while problem-focused coping was the most commonly employed strategy (M = 3.35, SD = 0.61). In contrast, Physical Health recorded the lowest mean score (M = 72.51, SD = 14.63), indicating persistent concerns regarding physical well-being. Conclusion: The transition to BPO was associated with effective coping and a good quality of life, establishing a viable alternative for nurses, although physical well-being remains a concern. These findings hold significant implications for policymakers, underscoring the need for targeted wellness interventions within nursing practice and education to address declines in physical health, promote professional development, strengthen retention strategies, and improve job satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frances F. Ramos, Katrina Nicole S. Santos, Jarrell Maisie C. Sanchez, Ellysa Faye B. Roxas, Redz Joshua C. Reyes, Kelly Anne G. Pineda, Lois Francesca J. Perez, Cheslia Ann C. Perez, Dianne Dominique Paraton, Lauren Dale Arthur G. Paras, Resty P. Anibigno, MSN, RN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Excessive Online Health Searches on Parental Well-Being
Introduction: Technology transformed how parents access health information, but excessive online searches, or cyberchondria, can fuel reassurance-seeking and anxiety in managing family health. Demographic factors like age, education, socioeconomic status, and family structure shape vulnerability, yet their interplay with cultural beliefs remains understudied in Filipino contexts. This study examines the impact of excessive online health searches on parental well-being in the Philippines, aiming to address gaps in understanding digital health behaviors. Aim: This study aimed to determine the impact of cyberchondria on parental well-being, focusing on compulsion, distress, excessiveness, reassurance-seeking, mistrust, and thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It analyzed how sociodemographic factors affect cyberchondria and well-being. The research also explored the relationship between cyberchondria and parental well-being. Methods: A quantitative correlational design explored the relationship between cyberchondria and parental well-being. Four hundred parents from 10 barangays in Baguio City were selected through systematic random sampling. Data collection utilized the Cyberchondria Severity Scale-15 and Health Anxiety by Proxy Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Ethics approval was granted by the REC on February 20, 2025 (Protocol No. SLU-REC 2025-047). Results: Cyberchondria results revealed parents were severely affected in Excessiveness and Reassurance-seeking; thoughts and behaviors showed high anxiety. Significant differences appeared in Age (cyberchondria) and Monthly Income (health anxiety). A moderate positive correlation showed that higher cyberchondria was linked to increased health anxiety by proxy. Conclusion: Cyberchondria diminishes parental well-being by fueling anxiety, reassurance-seeking, and reduced resilience. Anchored in Media Dependency Theory, findings support interventions and culturally adapted tools for responsible digital health-seeking.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Traditional and Modern Jeepney Drivers: Prevalence, Location, and Severity Analysis
Introduction: Jeepneys are an essential form of public transportation in the Philippines. Drivers face occupational health risks, particularly musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), influenced by multiple factors. Despite modernization efforts under the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP), MSDs continue to affect drivers, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive health assessment. Aim: The study aims to assess the prevalence, location, and severity of MSDs among traditional and modern jeepney drivers in Baguio City, and to investigate associations with age, number of hours driven, and years of experience. Methods: This study, guided by Neuman’s System Model, examined the prevalence, location, severity, and associated factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among traditional and modern jeepney drivers in Baguio City. A cross-sectional analytic design was employed involving 113 male jeepney drivers recruited through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the modified Extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ-E) to assess the prevalence, location, severity, and associations of MSDs with driver age, type of jeepney, hours of driving, and years of driving experience. Statistical analyses included chi-square, Fisher’s Exact, and Monte Carlo tests. Results: MSD prevalence was 56.6% (95% confidence interval, 47.5%-65.7%), with low back pain (33%; 95% CI: 25-42.4) being the most reported location. Severity varied, affecting functional abilities, although severe consequences, such as hospitalization, were rare. No significant associations were found between MSD prevalence, location, or severity and driver characteristics. These findings support a multifactorial etiology involving occupational exposures and individual factors. Conclusion: Nurses play a vital role in educating drivers on proper posture, encouraging regular health breaks, and promoting the use of simple, supportive aids to reduce MSD risk, especially during ongoing vehicle modernization. Immediate and practical nurse-led interventions can significantly improve driver well-being while vehicle modernization progresses. Future research may focus on longitudinal studies, workplace ergonomic assessment, and objective measurements of vibration exposure to better understand the progression of MSDs and support evidence-based interventions and policy development.
Quality of Life (QoL) Among Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Concurrent Mixed Methods Approach
Introduction: Cancer continues to represent a critical global and national health concern, with profound physical, psychological, social, and environmental impacts on affected individuals. Aim: To explore the quality of life (QoL) of Filipino cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy across the four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental. Methods: A concurrent mixed-method triangulation design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative phase used the WHOQOL-BREF to measure QoL, while the qualitative phase employed semi-structured interviews to capture patients lived experiences during chemotherapy. Results: Key findings indicated that physical QoL was moderate, with fatigue and treatment-related side effects as major concerns. Psychological and social QoL were rated high, supported by spirituality, family, and peer connections. Environmental QoL was also moderate, reflecting adequate living conditions and healthcare access, although financial burdens and logistical challenges, such as transportation, persisted. Quantitative analysis showed no statistically significant associations between QoL and demographic variables, including age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, region, cancer type, and treatment duration. However, qualitative findings revealed that these factors influenced individual experiences. Coping strategies such as acceptance, faith, and lifestyle adjustments fostered resilience, while emotional distress, reduced intimacy, and stigma remained challenges. These findings highlight the need for enhanced psychosocial support, financial assistance, and health education tailored to cancer patients in resource-limited settings. Conclusion: The study offers locally grounded insights into the multifaceted impact of chemotherapy, supporting the design of holistic care approaches and informed healthcare policies in resource-constrained settings. These findings can guide healthcare providers, caregivers, families, and policymakers in developing culturally sensitive, patient-centered interventions to enhance the quality of life of Filipino cancer patients.
From Sea of Emotions to Reflective Shores: The Lived Experiences of Nursing Students in the Context of Do Not Resuscitate Orders
Introduction: Involvement in Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders is a significant responsibility for student nurses, as it supplements the personal needs of patients to achieve a holistic quality of care. Student nurses often lack the necessary knowledge and experience in end-of-life care, leading to hesitation, discomfort, and even fear when faced with dying patients and dealing with ethical dilemmas. Methods: This phenomenological study explored the experiences of nursing students with patients with DNR orders to promote improved learning and assistance for future nursing students. This study comprises nine (9) participants from the Bachelor of Science in Nursing, including level 3 to 4 students of the University of the Cordilleras, selected through purposive sampling. An in-depth interview was utilized through face-to-face and virtual interviews. These participants were chosen following an inclusion and exclusion criterion. Data management commenced with the Colaizzi's seven (7) step phenomenological approach and management. Results: The analysis revealed four main themes — (a) Sea of Emotions, (b) Sailing Through Vocation, (c) Sudden Surges from the Depths, and (d) Reflective Shores of the Distant Beyond highlighting the (a) sadness and hesitance, (b) navigating responsibilities in patient care and competency development, (c) encountering communication barriers and ethical dilemmas, (d) recognizing the importance of professional preparedness and personal growth, and facing reality in handling DNR cases. Conclusion: Based on findings, it is concluded that the experience of student nurses with Do Not Resuscitate patients expressed a sea of emotions, including empathy, compassion, ethical dilemmas, and personal growth. The student nurses encountered sudden surges as they faced physical and emotional challenges, but despite that, they acted their roles as nurses in addressing the issues. Sailing through their vocation, the participants provided compassionate care, honoring patients' preferences, and supporting them in their final moments. The participants have been concerned with saving lives and respecting patients' autonomy as well as rendering care to the patients and their families. Furthermore, the participants' understanding of DNR orders delved into their knowledge, attitudes, skills, and values regarding end-of-life care decisions, having developed their improved and enhanced personal and professional views on DNR situations as they reflected on their experiences. It is recommended that continuous learning about end-of-life care and ethical dilemmas surrounding Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) orders should be encouraged among healthcare workers, with hospitals and schools facilitating discussions and collaboration among different healthcare professionals to ensure all perspectives are considered.
The Level of Cultural Competence of Nursing Students Among Nursing Schools in Baguio City
Introduction: Cultural competence enables nurses to provide culturally congruent care to various populations. As Baguio City is home to different ethnic and cultural groups, nursing students must develop this competence to meet the distinctive healthcare needs of multicultural and multiethnic communities. Despite integrating cultural competence into national nursing education standards, its actual implementation in curricula remains inconsistent and often insufficiently assessed. Moreover, empirical research in the Philippine context is limited, particularly in Baguio City. Aim: To assess the cultural competence level of nursing students in terms of cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural sensitivity, and cultural practice and to identify significant differences on the cultural competence level based on year level and ethnic group. Methods: The study utilized a descriptive quantitative research design and was conducted across three universities in Baguio City. A total of 367 nursing students participated in the study, with 151 respondents from level 2, 124 from level 3, and 92 from level 4. Stratified and systematic random sampling were used to determine the sample size and to select the respondents. Data were gathered using the Cultural Competence Assessment Tool (CCATool), which was modified to suit the Philippine context. The data was analyzed using mean scores, standard deviation, Kruskal-Wallis Test, All Pair testing, and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Results showed that nursing students had a high level of cultural competence, particularly in cultural awareness, knowledge, and practice which is very high level. However, a significant gap was observed in the domain of cultural sensitivity, which scored notably lower than other domains. The analysis revealed significant differences in cultural competence across year levels, specifically in cultural awareness and cultural practice, with level 4 students revealed higher cultural awareness and competence, while level 3 students showed higher cultural practice. When grouped according to ethnic group, there is a significant difference in cultural knowledge and competence, with the Kankanaey being the highest. Conclusion: Level 2 to 4 nursing students from three universities in Baguio City generally provide adequate healthcare, including cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs in patient care. They have an extensive awareness of their cultural identity and comprehensive knowledge of health beliefs, behaviors, power dynamics, and structural inequalities of different ethnic groups, and they apply these exceptionally in clinical practice. However, they partially recognize clients as equal partners, with some trust, acceptance, and respect in care. The year level and ethnic group of these students also affect their competencies in the four domains of cultural competence.
Effect of NursePlay in the Critical Thinking Disposition of Student Nurses
Introduction: The utilization of Virtual Gaming Simulation (VGS) intensified during the pandemic, which affected the critical thinking disposition of student nurses. With this, the NursePlay, a VGS was created. Aim: The study determined the effect of NursePlay on the critical thinking disposition of student nurses. Methods: A non-equivalent pre-test post-test control group design was employed with 44 BSN level 2 students in Baguio City, comprising 22 students in the intervention group and 22 in the comparison group. Fishbowl sampling was used. Both groups answered a self-made questionnaire with a CVI of 0.94 to measure the critical thinking disposition of the students. The weighted mean and repeated measures ANOVA were utilized. Results: The results revealed that student nurses possess an outstanding disposition in critical thinking, specifically in terms of maturity and innovativeness, while also demonstrating a very satisfactory disposition in critical thinking, particularly in engagement. Furthermore, the repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the within-subject effects of the interaction along the Overall Critical Thinking Disposition are significant (p 0.03 < 0.05). This indicates a significant difference between the mean scores from the pretest to the post-test in the control and intervention groups. Conclusion: Prior to NursePlay, student nurses have a pre-existing disposition towards critical thinking. NursePlay enhances the engagement and maturity disposition of student nurses, with a minimal effect on their innovativeness. The NursePlay’s features, such as time on task, feedback, virtual patient interaction, and design characteristics, effectively improve the student nurses’ critical thinking disposition, including their engagement and cognitive maturity.
Health-Related Quality of Life of Older Persons
Introduction: The proportion of people over 60 years is growing faster than any other age group. Increased longevity of older persons implies the need for attention and care as increasing age comes along with multiple health problems. Aim: To know the extent and perception of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older persons in terms of: physical and mental health, social functioning, emotional well-being, and spiritual health. It aimed to look into the variables significantly related to the HRQoL of older persons, particularly: health status, age, ethnicity, religion, gender, financial status, social support, educational attainment, marital status, and employment. Furthermore, it aimed to develop a module to enhance the HRQoL of older persons. Methods: Mixed method sequential explanatory design was used. There were 382 and 16 respondents for the quantitative method and qualitative method, respectively. The sample size was computed using the Open Epi version 3.01. A self-made questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide were used to gather data. Statistical tools were used to analyze the quantitative data, while Colizi was used for the qualitative data. Results: The extent of HRQoL of older persons in terms of physical and Mental health is (61.64), Social Functioning (22.71), and Emotional well-being (24.34) interpreted as good HRQoL mean scores, while Spiritual health has a fair (7.50) HRQoL mean score. On the variables significantly related to HRQoL of older persons, gender is significantly related to spiritual health with a p=value of 0.022; social support is significantly related to emotional well-being with a p-value of 0.038; and marital status is significantly related to spiritual health with a p-value of 0.007. The other variables are not significantly related to the HRQoL of older persons in the areas of physical and mental health, social functioning, emotional well-being, and spiritual health. Conclusion: The existential quality of life of older persons remains suboptimal despite satisfactory functioning in activities of daily living, cognition, socialization, and psychological well-being. The influence of variables differs by domain: formal education affects physiologic and cognitive wellness, social support enhances emotional well-being, and married male older persons demonstrate better spiritual contentment. An active aging module was developed to holistically enhance and sustain the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older persons.